【Introduction]The Report introduces the development achievements of the Internet in China in the past 20 years from 11 parts, including economic transformation and upgrading, public service level, network culture and network security guarantee ability.

　　On the afternoon of December 15th, 2015, the China Internet Development Report (Summary) compiled by China Cyberspace Research Institute was officially released on the eve of the 2nd world internet conference.

The magnificent 20 years of Internet in China

　　Looking back on the 20-year history of Internet development in China, we can see that it has gone through the initial period of foundation, the period of industrial formation and the period of rapid development, and it is now in the period of integration and innovation.

　　Basic initial stage (1993-2000):

　　Opening the prelude to the Internet era in China is also the enlightenment stage of Internet development. Starting from the construction of basic network and key resources, China has gradually built four backbone networks with international export capability-China Education and Scientific Research Computer Network, China Public Computer Internet, cstnet and China Jinqiao Information Network, established China’s national top-level domain name operation management system, and started to provide. cn domain name registration and resolution services. The broad market prospect of the Internet has stimulated the first wave of Internet development in China. A number of Internet companies represented by Netease, Sohu and Sina have been established one after another, and many central key news websites such as People’s Daily and Xinhuanet have been launched one after another.

　　Industrial formation period (2000-2005):

　　Take the road of Internet development with China characteristics. China’s Internet information service system has been gradually established, and Internet enterprises with search engines, e-commerce, instant messaging, social networking and other services have risen rapidly. Business models in major areas such as network access, network marketing, e-commerce and online games have taken shape, and representative Internet enterprises in various fields have grown rapidly, and the industrial pattern of common development of the whole industry chain has basically been established. The number of Internet users in China has quadrupled. In 2005, the total number of Internet users exceeded 100 million (see Table 1), ranking second in the world, initially forming the user scale effect of Internet services.

　　Rapid development period (2005-2013):

　　Broadband network construction has become a national strategy, the number of netizens has maintained rapid growth, online retail and social network services have become the highlights of industrial development, and the rise of mobile Internet has driven the development of the Internet into a new stage. Social networking services are increasingly integrated into people’s daily lives, and "no social interaction, no life" has become the new normal of China netizens’ life. The rapid popularization of smart terminals and mobile Internet applications has promoted the "ubiquity" of the Internet, promoted the integration of online and offline, and stimulated information consumption. China has promoted Internet development and Internet governance to a new height (see Table 2).

　

　　Integrated innovation period (2014- present):

　　Blow the horn of building a network power. The period of integration and innovation is now in progress. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee, with the Supreme Leader as the general secretary, has attached great importance to network security and informatization, made a series of major strategic decisions, such as building a network power and improving the leading system of Internet management, and China’s Internet development has ushered in a period of major strategic opportunities. Internet governance in China is entering a new stage of integration and innovation. It will focus on national security and long-term development, further strengthen the top-level design, improve the governance system, further promote the rule of law, comprehensively strengthen network security, and strive to build a clear cyberspace.

Internet technology industry realizes innovation and leap-forward development

　　China has deeply implemented the innovation-driven development strategy, and achieved major breakthroughs in many fields, such as network technology, mobile chips, intelligent terminals, cloud computing, big data, satellite navigation, etc., and a number of internationally competitive network information enterprises have emerged, initially forming an advanced and independent Internet technology industry system.

　　The independent innovation capability of network technology has been significantly enhanced. Network technologies such as data communication, mobile communication and optical communication technology have continuously achieved innovative breakthroughs, and the first generation of Internet has accelerated its layout.

　　Intelligent terminal manufacturing industry has accelerated its catch-up. As of June 2015, the number of mobile Internet users in China reached 594 million, accounting for 88.9% of the total Internet users (see Table 3).

　　New technologies and applications are constantly cultivated to form new formats. New technologies and applications such as cloud computing, big data, Internet of Things, artificial intelligence and Beidou navigation have continuously made new breakthroughs and ushered in a new climax of industrial development.

Internet accelerates economic transformation and upgrading.

　　China promotes the deep integration of Internet and economy in an all-round way, and new modes and formats of Internet-based integrated development are constantly emerging, which provides new kinetic energy for the speed change, structural optimization and power conversion of economic development, and accelerates the economic transformation and upgrading, quality improvement and efficiency improvement.

　　E-commerce leads the development of Internet economy, and the scale of online retail transactions ranks first in the world. The total transaction volume of e-commerce market in China increased from less than 1 trillion yuan in 2004 to 13.4 trillion yuan in 2014, with a compound annual growth rate of 30.6% in the past ten years.

　　The innovation of Internet information service is active, and the mobile Internet has become the accelerator of Internet information service. In the second quarter of 2015, there were 600 million monthly active users of WeChat and 212 million monthly active users of Sina Weibo. As of June 2015, there were 536 million search engine users and more than 606 million instant messaging users.

　　"internet plus" drives industrial integration and development. O2O has become the most active field of mass entrepreneurship and innovation, and online retailing has driven logistics to become a new billion-dollar industry, with 359 million online payment users. From 2009 to 2014, the compound annual growth rate of third-party Internet payment transactions remained above 50%, and the market scale exceeded 8 trillion yuan (see Table 4).

Internet can effectively improve the level of public services.

　　China pays attention to making use of the universal, convenient and sharing characteristics of the Internet, accelerating the socialized application, promoting the development of e-government, innovating social governance methods, improving the level of public services, and promoting the improvement of people’s livelihood and social harmony.

　　E-government to build online government. In 1999, marked by the launch of the "Government Online Project", the informatization construction of China government entered a new stage, and the construction of government websites at all levels achieved remarkable results.

　　Internet promotes social sharing of quality education resources. China vigorously promotes the "three links and two platforms" (broadband network for school-to-school communication, high-quality resources for classes, online learning space for everyone, public service platform for educational resources, and public service platform for education management). The proportion of Internet access in primary and secondary schools is 83%, and the number of schools with multimedia classrooms is 73%.

　　Internet promotes the precision and personalization of medical and health services. Internet medical services are booming, all kinds of portable medical intelligent terminals and wearable devices make mobile medical care closer to people’s lives, and the digital health App market is in the ascendant, which promotes the transformation of hospital-centered medical treatment mode to people-centered health service mode.

　　Internet promotes people’s balanced development. Internet users in China have formed a rich and diverse netizen structure with different social groups of gender, age, education, occupation and income. The gap in Internet access between different gender groups has basically disappeared, and the difference in education level has declined most obviously.

Healthy and progressive network culture prospers and develops.

　　1. Network culture is an important part of socialist cultural construction.

　　2. China characteristic network information dissemination pattern has basically taken shape. In June 2015, the number of online news users reached 555 million, and the utilization rate among netizens was as high as 83.1%. Among them, the number of news users on mobile phone network reached 460 million (see Table 5).

　　3. The influence of Internet communication has been significantly improved.

　　4. The Internet actively spreads the voice of China.

　　5. The online cultural industry and cultural undertakings have flourished.

Network security capabilities continue to improve.

　　Without network security, there is no national security. China insists on ensuring development by security and promoting security by development, and strengthens the construction of network security guarantee capacity while promoting the development of the Internet. The network security guarantee system is increasingly sound and the network protection capacity is gradually improved.

　　1. The network security system is becoming increasingly sound.

　　2. The industrial system of network security technology was initially established.

　　3. The network security protection capability has been significantly enhanced.

　　4. The discipline construction has been continuously strengthened, and the awareness of network security has been significantly improved.

The legalization of cyberspace has been accelerated.

　　China adheres to the rule of law, running and surfing the Internet according to law, strengthens network legislation, strictly enforces the law, guides the whole network to abide by the law, accelerates the construction of cyberspace rule of law, and regulates cyberspace behavior with the rule of law, thus providing a solid guarantee for the healthy development and orderly operation of the Internet.

　　Internet laws and regulations have been continuously improved. China has successively promulgated a series of laws and regulations related to the Internet, covering basic Internet resource management, information dissemination norms, market order norms, information security and other aspects, which provide an important legal basis for the development and governance of the Internet, and the ecological governance of cyberspace is standardized and orderly. China strengthens the management of Internet basic resources such as domain name, IP address, website registration and access service according to law.

　　The awareness of network rule of law and network literacy have been significantly enhanced.

The Internet governance system is gradually improved through exploration.

　　China attaches great importance to Internet governance, constantly adjusts and improves the leadership system of Internet management, promotes the formation of a government-led and multi-party governance system, actively advocates the construction of a peaceful, safe, open and cooperative cyberspace, and promotes the establishment of a multilateral, democratic and transparent international Internet governance system.

　　The internet management leadership system has been adjusted and improved. Adhering to the principle of focusing on development and management, China has gradually established an Internet governance system that combines legal norms, administrative supervision, industry self-discipline, technical support, public supervision and social education.

　　The government-led and multi-party participation governance model has taken shape. China Municipal Government has comprehensively adopted various measures, such as legal regulation, administrative management, industrial policy, technical standards, publicity and education, to coordinate all parties to actively participate in Internet governance.

　　Actively participate in global Internet governance. China has always advocated jointly safeguarding global Internet security, jointly promoting global Internet development, and sharing global Internet opportunities and achievements. In international exchange and cooperation activities, it put forward the idea of Internet governance in China.

China’s Experience of Internet Development

　　Over the past two decades, China has opened up a road of Internet development with China characteristics, and gained valuable experience. To sum up, it is: adhering to the leadership of the Party, serving the people, opening up cooperation, innovation-driven, giving full play to the main role of enterprises, and paying equal attention to safety and development.

The road to a strong network country

　　Standing at a new historical starting point, China will comprehensively plan the strategic layout of strictly administering the Party, thoroughly implement "the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China’s Proposal on Formulating the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development" deliberated and adopted by the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, establish the development concept of innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing, vigorously promote the strategy of strengthening the country through the Internet, speed up the implementation of the "internet plus" action plan, lead the way of Internet development in China, and contribute to the prosperity and development of the world Internet.

　　(Text/China Cyberspace Research Institute)

　Global supply: The scale of global soda ash production capacity continues to expand, and China contributes a major increase.

In recent years, the global capacity and output of soda ash are increasing year by year. According to Bloomberg, the capacity of soda ash increased from 44.72 million tons in 2000 to 82.95 million tons in 2023. In 2023, China (50%), North America (18%) and Western Europe (11%) are the main soda production capacity distribution areas. According to Bloomberg statistics, in 2000, the global soda production capacity was 44.721 million tons, and it increased to 66.758 million tons in 2014. China was the main source of capacity increase, and the proportion of soda production capacity in China increased from 19.3% to 45.9%, reaching a historical peak. In 2015-2021, the global soda production capacity increase mostly comes from the Middle East and Africa. In 2023, with the launch of natural alkali production capacity in China, the new global production capacity will be concentrated in China.

　 　 　 　Supply in China: capacity expansion by natural alkali method in 2023, and supply may be loose in 2024.

Limited by the industry entry threshold and environmental protection requirements, the growth of soda production capacity in China slowed down from 2016 to 2022, and the new production capacity in 2023 was mainly natural soda production capacity. According to the statistics of Baichuan Yingfu, from 2016 to 2022, China’s soda production capacity expanded from 30.79 million tons to 3,485 tons (including 3.75 million tons of long-term production suspension enterprises). The scale expansion of soda ash production capacity in the future is expected to be limited, and it is mainly natural alkali. In 2023, with the production capacity of 5 million tons in the first phase of Yuanxing Energy Alashan Natural Alkali Project (4 million tons in 2003 and 1 million tons in early 2004), the production capacity of Henan Jinshan Chemical Industry increased by 2 million tons and the production capacity of other soda plants increased slightly, the domestic soda production capacity totaled 41.65 million tons, up by 11% year-on-year.

Demand: the demand for soda ash with flat glass backing, and the application of new energy is rapidly improving.

In 2023, the apparent consumption of soda ash in China was 31.82 million tons (27.26 million tons in 22 years), 73% of which was mainly used in the glass field. In China, glass is the main downstream application field of soda ash, including flat glass, photovoltaic glass and daily-use glass, and their consumption accounts for 43%, 17% and 13% respectively. Followed by baking soda (7%) and silicate (5%) (2023). Among them, from 2019 to now, with the rapid development of domestic photovoltaic industry, the proportion of photovoltaic glass in the downstream application of soda ash has increased significantly, and in 2023, it has surpassed daily glass to become the second largest application field of soda ash.

Related companies

Yuanxing Energy:The company has been deeply involved in the natural soda industry for many years, and the production capacity of soda ash and baking soda ranks among the top in China. By 2023, the company has a capacity of 5.8 million tons of soda ash, 1.5 million tons of baking soda and 1.54 million tons of urea. The company’s natural alkali has a competitive advantage and its production capacity continues to expand. The company plans to build 7.8 million tons of soda ash and 800,000 tons of baking soda in Alashan natural soda project, including 5 million tons of soda ash and 400,000 tons of baking soda in the first phase and 2.8 million tons of soda ash and 400,000 tons of baking soda in the second phase. The first phase of the project was put into trial operation in June 2023; The second phase of the project started construction in December 2023 and is scheduled to be completed in December 2025. Combined with the analysis of this paper, among the different processes of soda ash, trona process has the most advantages in cost and environmental protection, and trona depends on resource endowment. With the continuous expansion of the company’s trona production capacity, it is expected to obtain excess profits in the industry and provide power for the long-term growth of the company’s performance.

References:20240531- TF Securities-Basic chemical industry: soda ash: both supply and demand sides are facing structural changes.

Disclaimer:The above information comes from Huiyang Research Department, and the content does not provide specific operational guidance, and customers should not use it as a reference factor for investment decisions. Buying on this basis is at your own risk, the stock market is risky, and investment needs to be cautious.

(promotion)

　　The weather is cold in winter, and some people are afraid of the cold and don’t want to go out. They just sit on their balcony and bask in the sun through the glass, thinking that this can supplement calcium. Can you really supplement calcium by sunbathing through glass?

　　Sunbathing is to supplement vitamin D.

　　Cao Xuexia, deputy director of the Department of Endocrinology, xuanwu hospital, Capital Medical University, said that the main purpose of sunbathing is not to supplement calcium, but to supplement vitamin D. The main function of vitamin D is to promote intestinal calcium absorption, increase muscle coordination and prevent falls. When in the sun, ultraviolet rays reach the skin, and 7- dehydrocholesterol in the skin will gradually transform vitamin D. However, if you bask in the sun through the glass, the glass will block some ultraviolet rays, and the amount of ultraviolet rays will be obviously attenuated, which will affect the absorption of vitamin D and calcium.

　　Experts suggest that ultraviolet rays should be exposed to the outside world under the condition of adequate protection, and ultraviolet rays will be attenuated through glass, especially B-segment ultraviolet rays that stimulate the skin, which will affect the transformation of vitamin D and thus the absorption of calcium. If you need calcium supplement, most of the calcium still needs to be taken from food, such as milk or calcium tablets.

　　It is advisable to bask in the sun for less than 30 minutes.

　　Sunbathing through the glass really can’t promote the absorption of calcium, and it may even get sunburned. If you really can’t go out for activities, you must also open the window and let the sun directly contact your skin. "Shorts and short sleeves in summer, showing face and hands in winter" is the best choice.

　　It should be noted that the time spent in the sun is not as long as possible, and too long exposure may hurt the skin. Most people can spend 10-20 minutes in the sun every day. Children can spend a shorter time and the elderly can spend a longer time, but it is generally recommended to spend 30 minutes. If necessary, you can wear sunglasses to avoid eye damage caused by direct sunlight, and wearing a hat can avoid hair sunburn. After sunbathing, it is necessary to replenish water in time and vitamin C selectively to inhibit the production of melanin and prevent sunburn.

　　Beijing, Sept. 21 (Xinhua)-The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) published an article on the 19th, pointing out that there are many discussions about "going out of the house" in Brexit, so that Britain can solve the problem once and for all and then move on. The Brexit Party said that if Britain and the EU had no agreement to leave the EU, they would be able to "leave home clean", and many Conservatives also agreed with this view. Sadly, the ideal is full and the reality is skinny.

　　The article is excerpted as follows:

　　Under the leadership of the theresa may administration, Britain and the European Union negotiated and reached the current Brexit agreement and political declaration, but the current British government indicated that it would make major changes.

　　The new Prime Minister Johnson said that if Britain can’t get what it wants, it is ready to leave the EU without agreement.

　　How clean can you go out of the house?

　　This is, of course, the most sudden change in the divorce war of this century. The internal planning document of the British government analyzes how much impact this situation may have on the existing management system.

　　Overnight, all the laws and regulations governing the relationship between Britain and the rest of the European Union in the past half century will disappear.

　　According to the existing draft Brexit agreement (reached between the theresa may government and the EU), this will not happen, because the agreement stipulates a transition period of at least two years, when Britain will leave the EU completely, but the trade and security relations between the two sides will remain roughly the same.

　　Supporters of this arrangement say that it will give the government and enterprises more excessive time to prepare for the new relationship between the two sides and have time to negotiate such as free trade agreements.

　　But critics say that this will turn Britain into a vassal state, which still has to abide by EU regulations, and Britain has no say in making these regulations. In other words, this is not a "clean house".

　　However, even if there is no agreement to leave the EU, the two sides need to start negotiations and dialogue, and it is better to talk early than late.

　　"No agreement" is misleading?

　　Some people think that the term "no agreement" is a misleading term because the two sides have reached a series of small agreements.

　　But that idea is wrong.

　　The EU has agreed to take a series of unilateral measures, without consulting with Britain, to ensure (among other things) that certain financial transactions can continue in a few months and that planes can fly around as usual.

　　Everyone can benefit from this arrangement, but this arrangement is temporary and has limited practical effect, and it still needs to be renegotiated as soon as possible.

　　The British government argues that the EU will be forced to deal with Britain because Britain is too big for the EU and a partner to be ignored.

　　The EU is the same for Britain, which means that the negotiations between the two sides will (if any) have to be strengthened.

　　Just enter a new stage.

　　Irish Prime Minister Valadeka summed up the mainstream views of EU capitals at a joint press conference with British Prime Minister Johnson in mid-September.

　　He said that if Britain leaves on October 31, 2019 or even January 31, 2020, the story of Brexit will not end like this.

　　He said that there is no such thing as going out of the house and getting rid of it once and for all, and there is no such thing as making a clean break. On the contrary, the relationship between the two sides has just entered a new stage.

　　The European Research Group (ERG), a Brexit party in the Conservative Party that advocates no agreement to leave the EU, said that this new stage should be used to negotiate a free trade agreement.

　　They believe that Britain can refuse to pay the Brexit fee agreed in the financial solution of the theresa may government, or pay the divorce fee. The latest estimated cost is 33 billion pounds. The money can be saved and used in other ways.

　　However, Valade Carr reiterated the warning issued by other EU leaders: If Britain leaves the EU without agreement, the EU will insist that the first issues to be discussed in any future negotiations will be civil rights, Irish borders and financial solutions.

　　These issues are exactly the same as the main contents of the Brexit agreement that was rejected three times in the British House of Commons. Moreover, these problems still need to be solved before the EU is ready to discuss a free trade agreement.

　　On June 24, 2016, local time, the results of the referendum on "Brexit" in Britain were announced, and most voters agreed that Britain should leave the European Union. The picture shows "Brexit" supporters celebrating in central London. China News Service reporter Zhou Zhaojun photo

　　Can you ignore it?

　　Therefore, the only way for Britain to really clean up its Brexit is whether it is ready to "turn its face and leave", at least for a while, regardless of maintaining stable relations with the EU. This relationship is related to half of British trade.

　　However, this situation sounds unsustainable.

　　The food supply in Britain is inextricably linked with other countries in the European Union.

　　Andrew Opie of the British Retail Federation recently told the British Parliament’s Select Committee on Brexit that from the consumer’s point of view, if there is no strong agreement with Britain’s largest trading partner, there will be great uncertainty. There is no escaping this problem.

　　He said that 80% of the food imported by British supermarkets comes from the European Union. Therefore, about 25% of all products sold in Britain come from the European Union.

　　In addition, in the whole process of Brexit, the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland is one of the most sensitive issues, and there is no way to turn away without talking about this issue.

　　The British government’s own internal planning documents have concluded that Britain’s non-agreement to leave the European Union will have a very adverse impact on Ireland’s land border, which will soon generate great pressure and will need to be forced to reach new arrangements within a few days to weeks.

　　Karen Wheeler was in charge of coordinating Britain’s post-Brexit border arrangements until she resigned in June. She told the British Parliament’s Select Committee on Brexit that the Irish border would soon become a headache.

　　She said that it is obvious that neither the relevant customs system nor the tariff system can be sustained in the long run.

　　She said, therefore, after the short transition period, what method should be adopted … … It is not clear what the solution is.

　　Years of negotiations

　　Of course, there are also many discussions about the alternative arrangement of Irish border protection clauses. The safeguard clauses reached by the EU and the Government of theresa may will ensure that the border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland will remain as open as it is now under any circumstances.

　　However, any solution to the problem requires long-term negotiations and goodwill from both sides.

　　Once and for all, the above conditions cannot be guaranteed.

　　For anyone who has had enough of Brexit, the unpleasant fact is that, regardless of the outcome, Britain will face years of technical negotiations and political dramas.

　　At present, one thing is certain — — In the foreseeable future, "Brexit" will still dominate British political and public life.

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